Regulation of Immune response by|How is the immune system regulated?|

  

Regulation of Immune response by –

Antigen –

1.     T cell and B cell are triggered by antigen, after effective engagement of their antigen specific receptors together with appropriate constitution.

2.    In case of  T cell engagement is not with the antigen it self but with processed antigenic peptide bound to MHC I/II on APC.

3.    Effective immune response remove antigen from system repeated antigen exposure required to maintain T/B cell proliferation and during effective immune response, there is dramatic expansion of specifically reactive effector cell.

4.    Nature of antigen does and route of administration have influenced of development of immune response (IR)

5.    At the end of IR reduced antigen exposure result in reduced IL-2 expression and its receptor leading to apoptosis of antigen specific T cell.

Following are some case under which tolerance is induced to foreign antigen.

1)    Nature/physical form of antigen: - The physical form also decides whether given and antigen induce immunological response of tolerance.

Generally, immunologically response or tolerance if larger, aggregate and complex antigen induce immune response but soluble aggregate and regulative small antigen induce tolerance.

2)    Route of administration: - Entry route of administration also decide given antigen induced tolerance. generally, injection of antigen through subcutaneous and intramuscular route induces immune response. But when some antigen administrated orally, they generally induce tolerance.

3)    Dose: -For generation of an active immune response dose of antigen should be optimum.

If some antigen its administrated orally they generally induce tolerance (solubility antigen)

4)    The age of tolerance: - the old animal immunologically mature generally develop immune response, but new born animal e.g.- mice, generally show tolerance to same antigen.

5)    State of lymphocyte: - fully maturated lymphocytes and memory T and B cell are responsible for developing active immune response. But the immature, underdeveloped lymphocytes may induce tolerance.

Antibody: -

1.    Antibody shows feedback control on immune response.

2.    Passive administration of IgM enhances immune response. To that particular antigen whereas IgG suppresses the immune response.

3.    The ability of antibody to enhance or suppress immune response has clinical application.

4.    IgM containing immune response stimulate ant idiotype response to IgM

Reference: -

1.    Sompayrac, Lauren. How the immune system works (Sixth ed.). Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 978-1-119-54219-3. OCLC 1083704429.

2.   ^ Jump up to:^a b Clinical immunology : principles and practice. Rich, Robert R. (Fifth ed.). [St. Louis, Mo.] 2018-01-13. ISBN 978-0-7020-7039-6. OCLC 1023865227.

3.   ^ "Immune system - Evolution of the immune system". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-03-09.

4.   ^ "vaccine | Definition, Types, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-03-09.

5.   ^ Jump up to:^a b c Punt, Jenni (2018-03-12). Kuby immunology. Stranford, Sharon A.,, Jones, Patricia P.,, Owen, Judith A. (Eighth ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-4641-8978-4. OCLC 1002672752.

6.   ^ "The Innate Immune System: Early Induced Innate Immunity: PAMPs". faculty.ccbcmd.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-08.

7.   ^ Jump up to:^a b c Bonilla FA, Oettgen HC (February 2010). "Adaptive immunity". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S33-40. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.017. PMID 20061006.

8.   ^ Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001). Immunobiology (5th ed.). New York and London: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4101-6.